M Laxmikant Polity Notes Pdf Jun 2026

Six democratic freedoms (speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, profession), protection against conviction, protection of life and personal liberty (Article 21), and right to education (Article 21A).

Decisions like Kesavananda Bharati (Basic Structure), S.R. Bommai (Article 356), and Maneka Gandhi (Article 21) define modern statutory interpretation.

The first step toward centralization; designated the Governor of Bengal as the "Governor-General of Bengal" and established a Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774).

Focus on key Acts: 1773, 1858, 1909, 1919, 1935. M Laxmikant Polity Notes Pdf

This structured reading approach can be your roadmap to success:

Read the chapter a second time while highlighting critical terms, constitutional articles, and landmark amendments.

During your second pass, identify and underline key definitions, article numbers, exceptions, and landmark Supreme Court judgments. During your second pass, identify and underline key

Use keywords, bullet points, and tables to compare similar topics (e.g., President vs. Governor).

Preamble, Fundamental Rights (Articles 12–35), Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs), and Fundamental Duties 2. System of Government Parliamentary vs. Presidential system Federal system and Center-State relations Emergency provisions (Articles 352, 356, and 360) 3. Central and State Government

Unicameral in most states; bicameral in six states (Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka) consisting of a Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and a Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad). 3. Local Government (73rd and 74th Amendments) bicameral in six states (Andhra Pradesh

Extensive coverage of Panchayati Raj and Municipalities.

Provisions relating to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes.

: Constituent assembly composition and major committees.

Separated the legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General’s council for the first time. Introduced an open competition system for civil services. Crown Rule (1858–1947):